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Conflict in Korean Society and ¡ºAntigone¡»[2]
The more Korean society changes toward embracing diversity, the more likely it is to break the confrontation between camp logic and structural confrontation.
-Jongcheol Lee Ph.D. in Philosophy
[Conflicts in Korean society and continued from ¡ºAntigone¡»[Phase]] Creon and Antigone, who stubbornly adhered to their own position, confronted each other and fell together. When Antigone, imprisoned in prison, dies, his fiancé Hymon and his mother Euridike commit suicide, and King Creon loses his son and wife one morning and is devastated. But regret is coming too late. What can Sophocles' Antigone teach about the conflict in Korean society in the 21st century?
9. The interpretation of this old classic work is diverse and divided. In his famous Poetics, Aristotle emphasizes emotional effects such as compassion and fear of tragedy, the sacrifice of heroic humans, and catharsis through catastrophe. This emotional effect takes over the role of religion in the previous era, uniting the polis as one and even enshrining the hearts of citizens. Antigone is the epitome of this tragedy. On the other hand, based on the confrontational structure of male Creon and female Antigone, they view it as a clash between patriarchal principles and maternal principles, while Antigone is viewed as a male and a model of feminist women who stand up against the king's orders. In the philosophy of law, the opposition between the king's command and the celestial law is a classic case in which human law and divine law, and actual law and natural law are opposed. The new tradition of psychoanalysis attempts to read the aesthetics of death, the beauty of the sublime, from Antigone walking tremendously toward the grave of death. We, too, have examined Antigone's attitude of beautifully viewing death for the cause in relation to the impulse of death. Or, contrary to the traditional interpretation of femininity, there is an attempt to read the code of homosexuality from Antigone, who tries to unite himself with the life of his father Oedipus and his brother Polynakes (Oedipus and Antigone are brothers and women who share the same mother's womb. It's long time.)
10. Anyway, depending on how you interpret ¡ºAntigone¡», a new genre and a new area will be pioneered. However, I would like to interpret this work in particular from Hegel's philosophy of history. In other words, the work of Antigone is inevitably dismantled because it cannot resolve the conflict and conflict between the two principles that drive the Greek human race community, and seeks to see a new method of conflict resolution in the Roman rule of law that emerged after that. I would like to interpret the current Korean society to this interpretation. The current Korean society is also facing infinite confrontation due to the fact that it is difficult to reconcile easily, such as left and right, conservative and progressive. These confrontations are internally mediated, adjusted, or run to the extreme to the extent that they cannot be reconciled. So, while dealing with the same issue, they are confronting emotionally and emotionally so that it is difficult to find a reasonable and objective solution. In addition, the confrontation of the camp logic encompasses conflicts between regions, conflicts between generations, and between the rich and the poor, while confronting all sectors of our society, denying the reality of the other camp. If Korean society is said to be unable to resolve these conflicts, it may overlap with the stagnation of aging and economic growth and darken the outlook for the future. That is why it is urgent to find a way to resolve the immediate conflict.
11. Hegel's interpretation of Antigone is particularly philosophical of history. He sees this work as embodying the spirit of the Greek era, and as the spirit of Greece declines, he sees that it has no choice but to transition to the spirit of Rome. It may seem like a lagging justification, but this interpretation has great implications. This interpretation of Hegel stands out in two respects. On the one hand, Antigone is interpreted as clearly revealing the clash between the two laws: the family and the state, the law of man and the law of God, two principles that support Greek humanity like men and women, but are difficult to reconcile. One is human law and king's command, man's principle and state's principle, while the other is God's law and heavenly ring, woman's principle and family spirit. The tragedy of Antigone is that these contradicting principles and laws are structurally opposed and completely destroyed. There is no mediator who can mediate confrontation here, and there is no omniscient perspective that allows reflection and reflection. Only here is the stubbornness to adhere to the principles and laws of specificity that govern each person's actions. As we saw earlier, human law and divine law each argue for their own legitimacy, and they also have reasonable rationality. It is like a confrontation according to the camp logic that dominates Korean society today. The tragedy of Antigone shows the experience of the two worlds collapsing simultaneously without resolving this confrontation.
12. On the other hand, Hegel pays attention to the fall of Greek society and the emergence of the Roman Empire from a historical philosophical point of view. There is no need to look at this as a historical fact. What is important here is that the principle of specificity that governs Greek society has fallen, new humans emerge from Imperial Rome, and a new state principle that governs them is required. Antigone and Creon were dominated by the principles of specificity that governed the Greek human community. On the other hand, the new human being, or Person, which emerges from the Roman Empire is a formal ego that is no longer governed by the principle of specificity. Personality is a concept that preempts the modern individual, and is also an anonymous majority and atomized subject who prioritizes self-reliance and freedom. Hegel describes the new Roman empire that emerged as the Greek polis was dismantled as a ¡°soulless community¡± and a ¡°dead spirit,¡± in which the vast majority of individuals are disbanded into atoms. Hegel specifically uses the expression ¡°person¡± or ¡°legal personality¡± to describe this new human. Person is an individual and individual separated and isolated from the whole, unlike the caracter, which is regulated by the whole (class order). Hegel describes personalities as'innumerable dots' to emphasize the meaning of the solitary, and the bond that ties them horizontally is not the living spirit of the human community, but the principle of valid legal coercion and formal equality.
13. The social form governed by law seeks to resolve all social conflicts and disputes according to the ideology of universal law. As seen in the modern rule of law, law can be seen as taking the role of a third party as the ultimate mediator of conflict and mediation. However, law as an abstract form cannot completely solve discrimination in content. Formal equality in the rule of law cannot conceal inequality in practical content, like the gap between the rich and the poor following the development of a capitalist society. In other words, the moral rights and ownership, which are recognized equally in the legal state, are merely formal and abstract. The legal and formal personalities of atomized entities confirm their rights in reality because they are owned as mine, because inequality in possession still exists. This is the limit of the rule of law.
The actual content or regulations of mine are not contained in this empty form (which is mine), nor are they interested in such content (whether it is an external possession or an inner rich and poor in spirit or character). Its content belongs to its own power, which is different from the formal universal, which is accidental and arbitrary. Therefore, the consciousness of the law is to experience the loss of its own complete non-essence and reality even where the law is practically in effect. Therefore, to refer to an individual as a Person is an expression of contempt (¡ºPsychophenology¡»).
14. The law serves as a universal standard, but at the same time, it is formal and is therefore dictated by the contingency of the content. This contingency is particularly common in power and wealth. In Korean society, things like Nambul, Jeon-gwan courtesy, genetic innocence and radio guilty are all showing that reality. Therefore, the phenomenon that the law is becoming a tool of politics is another reality. It is no exaggeration to say that law is becoming its own power in today's Korean society. If this is the case, hasn't the rule of law changed in any way compared to the principle of specificity like that of the previous era? Not necessarily. The rule of law plays the role of a formal standard that can replace the ties of the war era. However, it should be pointed out that there are limitations in practical terms due to its formality, and it is necessary to keep in mind how to supplement it.
15. Finally, I would like to mention a few things about how to overcome the problem of rational rule of law and its limitations in relation to Korean society. Of course, this cannot be the correct answer to resolve the conflict in our society, but at least we can tell the direction. First, at least, it must be able to secure the objective role of law that can judge good and evil, true and false. In this regard, independence of the prosecution and judiciary, which can strictly enforce and judge the law, should be essential. Second, one of the biggest problems in Korean society is that the media, which should critically and objectively illuminate the conflict, become an axis of camp logic and play a role of propaganda and agitation. It is a problem related to the so-called Jo Jung-dong character, but even the progressive media are not completely free from this problem. Above all, it is particularly important to recover the original role of the media. Although on the same line, it is also necessary to hold strict responsibility for the media (Youtube) or the end of the film, which makes extreme agitation. Their negative influences are increasing and becoming a major cause of social division. In order for the rule of law and democracy to settle, it is necessary, above all, to address inequality and ensure cultural diversity. Economic inequality is the cause of extreme opposition to society. At the level of social education, a mature spirit that can protect and tolerate other voices of individuals from group oppression is also required. In order to do that, we need to be able to move forward to a society where individual freedom, autonomy, and individuality can be developed far more than now. As Korean society changes toward more and more embracing diversity, will it not be possible to break the current camp logic and structural confrontation? jogel4u@outlook.com
*Author/Lee Jong-cheol
Doctor of Philosophy. Yonsei University Humanities Research